What are the types of PTCA balloon catheters?

PTCA balloon catheters, also known as percutaneous coronary intervention balloon dilation catheters, are primarily used to treat coronary artery stenosis and occlusion. It involves inserting a catheter into the coronary artery percutaneously, then advancing the balloon dilation catheter to the site of stenosis or occlusion. The balloon dilates the narrowed area, restoring blood flow.

1. Rapid exchange balloons: These are mostly monorail balloons and are currently the most widely used balloon type in PCI. Only the proximal portion of this type of balloon can slide coaxially with the guidewire; the rest of the push rod has no guidewire passage within the lumen. When used with a standard-length guidewire, it can be quickly and easily operated by a single person. Its disadvantages include the inability to exchange guidewires and weaker guidewire support when dealing with complex lesions.

2. OTW (over-the-wire) balloon: This type of balloon has a lumen along its entire length through which the guidewire can pass. The balloon slides along the guidewire and requires an assistant. Because it allows for guidewire exchange and reinforcement, it is commonly used for treating CTO lesions. OTW balloons are frequently used for peripheral vascular dilation.

3. Fixed wire balloon: This type of balloon requires the guidewire and balloon to advance synchronously. It does not allow for guidewire or balloon replacement and is largely obsolete in clinical practice.

4. Perfusion balloon: This type of balloon has multiple side holes at its proximal and distal ends. After inflation, blood can still enter the distal end of the lesion through these side holes. It is commonly used to manage complications such as coronary artery perforation.